I Ching Hexagrams:Song Trigram

The Hexagram of “Song” (Lawsuit or Dispute)

The Chinese character “讼 ䷅” (Song) is composed of “言” (speech) on the left and “公” (public or impartial) on the right. This suggests that when two parties are locked in a dispute, unable to reach an agreement, they must appeal to public authority to seek fairness and resolve the conflict. Therefore, “讼” inherently carries the meaning of dispute or litigation.

The Song hexagram is composed of the trigrams Kan (☵, water) and Qian (☰, heaven). In symbolism, Kan represents water, referring to flowing rivers, while Qian represents heaven. The “Xiang Zhuan” (Commentary on the Image) states: “Heaven and water move in opposite directions—this is Song.”

Chinese culture originated along the Yellow River, the grandest and most significant river in the ancient people’s lives. In contrast, the heavens are represented by the movement of the sun, moon, and stars, which rise in the east and set in the west. The Yellow River flows from west to east, creating a visual metaphor for the opposition between heaven and water—an eternal image of conflict witnessed by ancient Chinese people.

From the perspective of hexagram virtue (卦德), Kan represents danger and entrapment, while Qian represents firmness and strength. When the inner heart (Kan) is filled with danger or mistrust, but the outer behavior (Qian) appears firm and unyielding, disputes inevitably arise. Additionally, the relationships among the six lines of the hexagram often depict opposition and conflict.

The Judgment of Song:

“Song: There is sincerity. Be cautious in your dwelling. Being in the middle brings good fortune, but the end brings misfortune. It is beneficial to see a great person. It is not advantageous to cross a great river.”

• “孚” (Fu): Sincerity or truthfulness.
• “窒” (Zhi): Obstruction or difficulty in communication.
• “惕” (Ti): Caution and fearfulness.

Disputes often arise when two parties cannot agree and must rely on a third party to judge and decide. However, entering a dispute requires a certain degree of justifiable reasoning. If one enters litigation without a valid argument, it is no different from causing unnecessary trouble.

The second and fifth lines of this hexagram are firm and located in central positions, symbolizing integrity and reason. However, every dispute inherently involves obstacles or obstructions to communication. Therefore, disputes must be approached with caution and restraint to avoid unnecessary escalation.

• “中吉” (Zhong Ji): If the dispute is handled appropriately and stopped at the right moment, it brings good fortune.
• “终凶” (Zhong Xiong): If one insists on pursuing an unreasonable dispute, it leads to misfortune.

Resolution should be sought at an appropriate moment. Relying excessively on strength and refusing compromise will only result in mutual harm.

The “Great Person” (大人) refers to the fifth line (九五), symbolizing a person of integrity, positioned centrally in the upper trigram. This “Great Person” possesses the wisdom and fairness to deliver an impartial judgment and resolve the dispute effectively.

The final caution, “It is not advantageous to cross a great river,” warns that disputes can cause division and mistrust. Persisting in aggressive actions during such a time may lead to complete failure. Therefore, disputes should be avoided whenever possible and resolved at the earliest stage.

The “Xiang Zhuan” concludes: “The noble one plans carefully from the beginning.” Only by thoughtful planning and preemptive conflict resolution can disputes be avoided.

Practical Example:

Differences in opinion are not always irreconcilable. For instance, Person A believes, “Zhang wears glasses,” while Person B believes, “Zhang does not wear glasses.” At first glance, their views are contradictory. However, upon calm reflection, they might realize: “Zhang wears glasses when reading due to farsightedness but does not wear them at other times.”

This conclusion transcends their initial conflict, incorporating both perspectives into a higher understanding. In essence, debate is not the end goal; the goal is to discern truth and determine fairness. Only through a rational and open-minded approach can opposing views be reconciled, leading to mutual agreement and resolution.

First Line of the Hexagram Song (初六):

Do Not Prolong the Matter. Minor Disputes, Ultimate Good Fortune.

The word “永” (Yong) means long-lasting, while “小有言” (Xiao You Yan) refers to minor verbal disputes, indicating a small misfortune or conflict. In the hexagram, the first line (初六) is a yin line in a yang position, corresponding with the fourth line (九四), which is strong and resolute. The initial position represents someone of modest status and weak influence (yin), while the fourth line signifies a figure of authority (yang).

In such a conflict, it is unlikely that the weaker party (初六) will prevail against a stronger opponent (九四). Recognizing the imbalance, the first line chooses not to prolong the dispute but instead clarifies their position briefly and reasonably. By avoiding prolonged confrontation and stopping at the right moment, even minor disputes and misfortunes can be resolved peacefully, ultimately leading to good fortune.

It is important to note that the text does not say “Do not prolong the dispute (不永讼)”, but rather “Do not prolong the matter (不永所事)”, emphasizing the early stage of the conflict. The advice suggests avoiding escalation altogether rather than persisting in futile arguments.

Example:
Confucius (551–479 BCE) once said:
“When serving your parents, if you see something improper, you should gently and respectfully offer advice. If your parents do not accept it, remain respectful and do not stubbornly insist. Serve them with dedication, without resentment.”

This reflects the wisdom of the first line of Song—when addressing authority or elders, it’s better to express one’s thoughts calmly and stop when appropriate. Prolonged arguments will not only fail to convince others but may also create unnecessary conflict, disrupting harmony within the family.

Second Line of the Hexagram Song (九二):

Unable to Win the Dispute. Retreat and Escape. The People of His Small Town (300 Households) Are Safe.

The phrase “归而逋 (Gui Er Bu)” means to withdraw and retreat, while “省” (Sheng) refers to disaster that affects others, not self-inflicted misfortune.

The second line (九二) represents someone who holds a valid argument but is in conflict with the fifth line (九五), a figure of central authority and justice. Despite having reason on their side, the second line cannot win against the superior position of the fifth line. Persisting in litigation would only lead to disaster.

However, the second line is a yang line in a yin position, suggesting a balance of strength and flexibility. Recognizing the difficulty of their position, the second line wisely chooses to withdraw, avoiding unnecessary escalation and safeguarding themselves and their community. The phrase “三百户” refers to a small domain or community, indicating that by stepping back, their people are spared from collective punishment or collateral damage.

Example:
Li Si (?-208 BCE), the Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty, serves as a cautionary tale. Li Si failed to understand the wisdom of “Unable to win the dispute, retreat and escape.” He insisted on confronting Zhao Gao, a manipulative and powerful court figure who controlled the puppet emperor Hu Hai. Despite his authority and reasoning, Li Si was outmatched by Zhao Gao’s influence and cunning. In the end, Li Si was falsely accused of treason, executed by the brutal punishment of being cut in half at the waist, and his family was exterminated.

This story underscores the lesson of the second line: Knowing when to retreat can save not only oneself but also those connected to you. Sometimes, stepping back is the wiser and more strategic choice in the face of overwhelming power.

Six in the Third Place (六三):

Rely on Established Virtue. Maintain Integrity. Danger Brings Ultimate Good Fortune. Even in Service to the King, No Achievements Are Expected.

The character “食” (shi) refers to “food” in the context of “stipend”, specifically the tax revenue collected from a noble’s fiefdom in ancient China. It symbolizes a stable income or entitlement. “旧德” (jiu de) refers to established virtue or long-standing merit, implying the enjoyment of an existing position and salary without seeking additional rewards. The phrase “无成” (wu cheng) means “not claiming credit for achievements.”

A person in this position is advised to be content with their current role and stipend, avoiding unnecessary ambition or rivalry. The Six in the Third Place is a yin line occupying a yang position, representing someone of limited strength and influence. It corresponds with the Ninth in the Top Place (上九), a figure symbolizing rigidity and contentiousness. Knowing their limitations, the Six in the Third Place does not engage in disputes or attempt to overreach their position.

Despite being in a precarious situation—caught between inner and outer trigrams representing instability and danger—the Six in the Third Place remains steadfast, avoiding unnecessary conflict and focusing on fulfilling their responsibilities. Even when tasked with royal duties, they remain humble, performing their role diligently without claiming undue credit. This approach prevents clashes, even with more contentious figures like the Ninth in the Top Place, ultimately leading to good fortune.

Example:
In ancient China, many imperial concubines fell victim to court rivalries, but some managed to protect themselves by remaining humble and cautious. During Emperor Cheng of Han’s reign, his favor initially fell on Empress Xu and Ban Jieyu. However, with the arrival of Zhao Feiyan and her sister, both women lost the emperor’s favor.

Empress Xu resorted to witchcraft in a desperate attempt to regain favor, which led to her being deposed when her actions were discovered. In contrast, Ban Jieyu (c. 45 BCE–c. 6 BCE) chose to retreat from court politics, living quietly and contentedly in the secluded palace quarters. She embodied the wisdom of “Rely on established virtue, maintain integrity.” Though she faced danger, her restraint ultimately allowed her to live out her years peacefully.

Nine in the Fourth Place (九四):

Unable to Win the Dispute. Return to the Path of Duty. Change and Adapt. Stability Brings Good Fortune.

The character “复” (fu) means “to return,” while “即” (ji) means “to approach or follow.” “命” (ming) refers to “divine law” or “moral duty.” “渝” (yu) indicates “to change or reform.”

The Nine in the Fourth Place is a yang line in a yin position, symbolizing someone who is rigid and forceful but out of balance and lacking moderation. This placement suggests a person prone to disputes and inflexibility. However, their opponent in this scenario is Six in the First Place (初六), someone who wisely avoids prolonged disputes.

Recognizing the futility of continued argument, the Nine in the Fourth Place has an opportunity to reflect and return to the path of duty, adopting a more balanced and peaceful approach. By abandoning a combative mindset and focusing on integrity and responsibility, the Nine in the Fourth Place can resolve conflicts and achieve good fortune.

Example:
In a corporate setting, employees often compete for promotions. While ambition can drive success, unchecked rivalry can create resentment and conflict. Even if someone wins the promotion, their triumph may be short-lived if they’ve alienated their colleagues along the way.

However, if an employee can recognize when to step back, focus on their responsibilities, and let go of unnecessary competition, they can maintain harmony in the workplace. Whether or not they secure the promotion, their integrity and balanced attitude will ensure long-term stability and respect, exemplifying the wisdom of “Change and adapt, stability brings good fortune.”

Nine in the Fifth Place (九五):

Arbitration. Supreme Good Fortune.

The Nine in the Fifth Place occupies the central position of the upper trigram Qian (乾), representing heaven. As a yang line in a yang position, it symbolizes strength combined with integrity and fairness. In the context of this hexagram, “讼” (song) refers not to petty disputes but to arbitration, where both sides in a conflict seek a wise and virtuous authority to mediate and deliver a just verdict.

The Nine in the Fifth Place represents a leader who possesses both the strength to enforce justice and the impartiality to remain unbiased. This figure ensures that disputes are resolved fairly and that righteousness prevails. Such arbitration brings supreme good fortune.

Example:
In modern Western political systems, the relationship between the ruling party and the opposition party mirrors the dynamic of this hexagram. The ruling party must defend its policies against the criticisms of the opposition, while the opposition party is responsible for pointing out flaws and proposing alternatives. The balance between these two forces is essential to a functioning democracy. In this scenario, the parliamentary majority serves the role of the Nine in the Fifth Place, arbitrating and ultimately deciding the direction of governance through debate and consensus.

Nine at the Top (上九):

Perhaps Rewarded with a Grand Belt, Yet Stripped of Honor Thrice in a Day.

The character “锡” (xi) means “to bestow or grant,” often referring to rewards given by a ruler. “声带” (pán dài) refers to an official ceremonial belt worn by high-ranking officials in ancient Chinese courts, symbolizing power and prestige.

The Nine at the Top represents the final line in the hexagram, symbolizing the peak of a situation. As a yang line in the final position, it suggests inflexibility and an inability to yield. This line portrays someone who pursues conflict to the bitter end, refusing compromise or reflection. Although they might initially gain rewards or recognition for their victories, their inability to let go of their combative nature ultimately leads to repeated loss and humiliation.

The phrase “终朝三褫之” means “stripped of honor three times in a single day.” Even if they temporarily gain wealth or status, their downfall is inevitable if they fail to change their contentious ways. The lesson is clear: pursuing disputes to the extreme leads to mutual destruction, regardless of victory or defeat.

Example:
In turbulent political or corporate environments, power struggles are often seen as a means to climb the ladder of success. Allies against a common rival can quickly become enemies once power shifts. Even if someone achieves their desired position through such tactics, their paranoia about others using the same methods against them can become overwhelming.

The expression “Perhaps rewarded with a grand belt, yet stripped of honor thrice in a day” reflects this instability. Success achieved through relentless conflict is fragile and often short-lived. True wisdom lies in knowing when to stop and seek balance rather than pursuing victory at all costs.

The Yin-Yang Ring: A Modern Symbol of Harmony and Balance

In a bustling New York courtroom, amidst the chaos of legal arguments, Emily found herself staring at her Yin-Yang ring. It wasn’t just a piece of jewelry; it was her anchor in the storm of her life—a daily reminder of the lessons she had learned about conflict and resolution.

Emily had discovered the Personalized Tai Chi Yin-Yang Ring during a trip to Chinatown. Its intricate design caught her eye, but it was the deeper connection to Chinese philosophy that captured her heart. Engraved with a symbol that represented balance, the ring became a tangible expression of her desire for harmony.

A Story of Conflict and Resolution

Emily was no stranger to disputes. As a lawyer, her life revolved around arguments, negotiations, and the pursuit of justice. But her true revelation came when she studied the Hexagram of Song (讼) during a mindfulness retreat. She learned that “讼” signifies dispute but also carries a deeper wisdom—conflicts arise not to divide but to guide us toward fairness and truth.

The Song Hexagram, with its trigrams of Kan (water) and Qian (heaven), taught Emily a crucial lesson: opposing forces are natural, yet they must be balanced. Like the Yellow River flowing eastward against the heavens’ westward motion, life is full of contradictions. But it is in reconciling these differences that we find peace.

A Ring That Resonates

Wearing the Yin-Yang ring, Emily felt a connection to this ancient wisdom. She began to approach conflicts with caution and sincerity, as the Song Hexagram advised. Instead of charging into arguments, she sought common ground, just as the Second Line of Song suggests—retreating when necessary, preserving relationships while safeguarding her integrity.

The ring’s personalized engraving added a layer of meaning, reminding her of a quote from Confucius: “When serving your parents, if you see something improper, offer advice gently. If they do not accept it, remain respectful and serve them with dedication.”

This principle extended beyond family into her work and friendships. Her colleagues noticed the shift in her demeanor, and even her most heated disputes ended with mutual respect.

More Than Jewelry

The Personalized Tai Chi Yin-Yang Ring is more than an accessory; it’s a conversation starter, a cultural bridge, and a personal talisman. Its design speaks to the timeless philosophy of balance, reminding the wearer to seek harmony in every aspect of life.

Whether you’re navigating a high-stakes career, resolving family tensions, or simply searching for inner peace, this ring serves as a guiding light. Its customizable features let you inscribe your own mantra, making it a deeply personal emblem of your journey toward balance and understanding.

Bring Harmony Into Your Life

Join countless others who have discovered the profound symbolism of the Tai Chi Yin-Yang Ring. Let it inspire you to approach life’s conflicts with wisdom and grace, reminding you that true strength lies in balance.

Visit yinyangring.com to create your personalized piece today. Carry the ancient wisdom of the Song Hexagram wherever you go, and transform the way you navigate life’s challenges.